Choosing the best moisturizer for makeup involves balancing hydration, texture, and how well it preps your skin for flawless application. The best overall pick is the Clinique Moisture Surge 100H Auto-Replenishing Hydrator, thanks to its long-lasting hydration and oil-free formula, which makes it versatile for most skin types. The The Ordinary Natural Moisturizing Factors + Hyaluronic Acid stands out as a budget-friendly option that still offers effective hydration without heaviness. However, tradeoffs in this category often include some products being too greasy or not hydrating enough for dry skin. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of these options and how to choose the right one for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Top moisturizers balance hydration with a lightweight feel, preventing makeup from slipping or caking.
- Products with added primers or skin-enhancing ingredients improve makeup longevity and skin texture.
- Budget-friendly options can perform remarkably well, but premium formulas often offer longer wear and skin benefits.
- Skin type compatibility is key—oily skin needs oil-free or mattifying formulas, while dry skin benefits from richer textures.
- Formulation transparency and added ingredients like hyaluronic acid or ceramides influence moisture retention and skin health.
| The Ordinary Natural Moisturizing Factors + Hyaluronic Acid | ![]() | Best Overall for Sensitive Skin and Daily Hydration | Type: Moisturizer | Key Ingredients: Hyaluronic Acid, Amino Acids, Ceramides, Urea | Skin Type: Suitable for sensitive skin, including eczema-prone skin | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Clinique Moisture Surge 100H Auto-Replenishing Hydrator Oil-Free Face Moisturizer | ![]() | Best for Long-Lasting Hydration and All Skin Types | Hydration Duration: 100 hours | Key Ingredients: Hyaluronic Acid, Aloe Bioferment, Vitamins C + E | Skin Type: All skin types | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| L’Oreal Paris Collagen Moisture Filler Facial Moisturizer, Fragrance Free, Anti-Aging, 1.7 oz | ![]() | Best for Anti-Aging and Fine Line Filling | Size: 1.7 oz | Fragrance: Fragrance Free | Hydration Duration: Up to 48 hours | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Embryolisse Lait-Crème Concentré Face Moisturizer and Makeup Primer | ![]() | Best Versatile Multi-Use Moisturizer and Primer | Key Ingredients: Shea Butter, Aloe Vera, Beeswax, Essential Fatty Acids | Usage: Moisturizer, Primer, Mask, Makeup Base | Cruelty-Free: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| ANUA Rice 70 Intensive Moisturizing Milk, Hydrating Face Lotion with Niacinamide and Ceramides, All Skin Types, 5.07 fl.oz. | ![]() | Best for Brightening and Barrier Support in Sensitive Skin | Size: 5.07 fl.oz. | Key Ingredients: Niacinamide, Ceramides, Rice Water | Skin Type: All skin types, Sensitive | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Moisturizer Mini, Ultra-Hydrating Formula with Aloe, Jojoba Oil & Shea Butter | ![]() | Best Travel-Friendly Hydrating Moisturizer | Type: Moisturizer | Size: Mini | Key Ingredients: Aloe Vera, Jojoba Oil, Shea Butter | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Face Cream with Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide & Peptides | ![]() | Best for Long-Lasting, Luminous Hydration | Key Ingredients: Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide, Squalane, Vitamin B5 | Skin Types: Normal, Dry, Combo, Oily | Vegan: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair UV SPF Moisturizer for Face | ![]() | Best Daily SPF with Long-Lasting Hydration | SPF: 30 | Hydration Duration: 48 hours | Key Ingredients: Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair Face Moisturizer with Ceramide and Niacinamide | ![]() | Best for Barrier Repair and 48-Hour Hydration | Key Ingredients: Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin | Skin Types: All skin types | Features: Dual-action repair, long-lasting hydration, microbiome balancing | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| moisturizers for makeup | Key Ingredients |
|---|---|
| The Ordinary Natural Moisturiz | Hyaluronic Acid, Amino Acids, Ceramides, Urea |
| Clinique Moisture Surge 100H A | Hyaluronic Acid, Aloe Bioferment, Vitamins C + E |
| L’Oreal Paris Collagen Moistur | — |
| Embryolisse Lait-Crème Concent | Shea Butter, Aloe Vera, Beeswax, Essential Fatty Acids |
| ANUA Rice 70 Intensive Moistur | Niacinamide, Ceramides, Rice Water |
| e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Mo | Aloe Vera, Jojoba Oil, Shea Butter |
| e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Fa | Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide, Squalane, Vitamin B5 |
| La Roche-Posay Toleriane Doubl | Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin |
| La Roche-Posay Toleriane Doubl | Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin |
More Details on Our Top Picks
The Ordinary Natural Moisturizing Factors + Hyaluronic Acid
This lightweight, non-greasy moisturizer stands out for its ability to hydrate and support the skin’s natural barrier using skin-identical ingredients like amino acids, ceramides, and hyaluronic acid. Compared with the thicker, more nourishing Embryolisse, it offers a more subtle hydration suitable for sensitive or eczema-prone skin. Its quick absorption and barrier support make it ideal under makeup without feeling heavy. However, its reliance on a final-step application may not suit those who prefer multi-layered routines, and sensitive skin users should patch test due to potential reactions. This pick excels at providing immediate, long-lasting hydration in a minimalist formula that works well for sensitive skin, but may require additional layering for very dry skin types.
Pros:- Lightweight and non-greasy formula
- Supports skin hydration and barrier health
- Accepted by the National Eczema Association
Cons:- May require patch testing for sensitive skin
- Apply as the final step in skincare routine, which may not suit all users
Best for: Sensitive skin users seeking a lightweight, barrier-supporting moisturizer suitable for daily use under makeup
Not ideal for: Individuals with very dry or flaky skin who need richer, more occlusive moisturizing formulas
- Type:Moisturizer
- Key Ingredients:Hyaluronic Acid, Amino Acids, Ceramides, Urea
- Skin Type:Suitable for sensitive skin, including eczema-prone skin
Our verdict“This moisturizer is best for sensitive skin users who want a subtle, effective hydration boost under makeup.”
Clinique Moisture Surge 100H Auto-Replenishing Hydrator Oil-Free Face Moisturizer
This gel-cream offers up to 100 hours of hydration, making it a strong choice for those who struggle with dehydration or need a reliable all-day moisturizer. Compared to the richer L’Oreal Collagen Moisture Filler, it is lighter and more suitable for combination or oily skin, thanks to its oil-free formula. Its inclusion of hyaluronic acid and aloe bioferment ensures quick soothing effects, especially for sensitive skin. However, for individuals with very dry skin, it might lack enough occlusive ingredients to fully hydrate in harsh weather. Additionally, some users may find the bioferment component slightly irritating if they have sensitive skin. This product is ideal for those seeking all-day hydration with a lightweight feel but may fall short for very dry skin or those wary of bioferment ingredients.
Pros:- Provides up to 100 hours of hydration
- Lightweight and suitable for all skin types
- Fragrance-free and dermatologist tested
Cons:- May be too lightweight for very dry skin needs
- Contains bioferment, which may not suit sensitive users
Best for: People with normal to oily skin who need long-lasting, lightweight hydration during busy days
Not ideal for: Individuals with very dry skin or those preferring fragrance or scent in their moisturizer
- Hydration Duration:100 hours
- Key Ingredients:Hyaluronic Acid, Aloe Bioferment, Vitamins C + E
- Skin Type:All skin types
- Fragrance:Fragrance-free
- Tested:Allergy tested, dermatologist tested
Our verdict“This moisturizer is best for those wanting all-day hydration without heaviness or greasiness.”
L’Oreal Paris Collagen Moisture Filler Facial Moisturizer, Fragrance Free, Anti-Aging, 1.7 oz
This fragrance-free moisturizer focuses on improving skin plumpness and reducing the appearance of fine lines, offering up to 48 hours of hydration. Compared with Embryolisse, it emphasizes anti-aging benefits with collagen, which may appeal to those concerned about early signs of aging. Its quick absorption and non-greasy finish make it suitable for layering under makeup, especially for sensitive skin. However, its collagen content may not deliver dramatic anti-aging results for all users, and its hydration duration might fall short for very dry or winter-chapped skin. Additionally, some may find the absence of richer emollients limiting in harsh climates. This pick suits those aiming for a smoother, more youthful look while maintaining a lightweight base for makeup but may not be enough as a standalone moisturizer for very dry skin.
Pros:- Provides up to 48 hours of hydration
- Non-greasy and fast-absorbing
- Fragrance-free and suitable for sensitive skin
Cons:- May not provide enough moisture for very dry skin
- Contains collagen which may have limited anti-aging effects for some
Best for: Individuals seeking a lightweight, anti-aging moisturizer that layers well under makeup
Not ideal for: Very dry or winter-dry skin users who need more occlusive, nourishing hydration
- Size:1.7 oz
- Fragrance:Fragrance Free
- Hydration Duration:Up to 48 hours
- Skin Type:Sensitive
Our verdict“This moisturizer is ideal for those looking for a lightweight, anti-aging base that layers seamlessly under makeup.”
Embryolisse Lait-Crème Concentré Face Moisturizer and Makeup Primer
This classic French cream combines deep hydration with nourishing ingredients like shea butter and aloe vera, making it a versatile choice for prepping skin for makeup. Compared with the more targeted moisturizers, Embryolisse excels in creating a smooth, radiant canvas that can double as a primer or mask. Its lightweight, fast-absorbing texture makes it suitable for most skin types, but those with very dry or flaky skin might find it insufficient as a sole moisturizer during harsh seasons. Some users may prefer a more matte finish, especially if they have oily skin. Its multi-use functionality appeals to those seeking a simple, all-in-one product, but the price may be a consideration for budget-conscious buyers. This product is perfect for makeup artists or everyday users who want a reliable, multi-tasking moisturizer that preps skin beautifully but may require additional products for very dry or oily skin types.
Pros:- Deeply hydrates and nourishes skin
- Creates a smooth, dewy makeup canvas
- Multi-use as moisturizer, primer, or mask
Cons:- May be too light for very dry skin in harsh climates
- Some users might prefer a matte finish for oily skin
Best for: Makeup users and those seeking a multi-purpose, nourishing moisturizer that doubles as a primer
Not ideal for: People with very dry or oily skin who need more specific, intensive formulas
- Key Ingredients:Shea Butter, Aloe Vera, Beeswax, Essential Fatty Acids
- Usage:Moisturizer, Primer, Mask, Makeup Base
- Cruelty-Free:Yes
- Dermatologist Recommended:Yes
Our verdict“This moisturizer is best for makeup enthusiasts who want a versatile, nourishing base that preps skin effortlessly.”
ANUA Rice 70 Intensive Moisturizing Milk, Hydrating Face Lotion with Niacinamide and Ceramides, All Skin Types, 5.07 fl.oz.
This lightweight, fast-absorbing lotion combines rice water, niacinamide, and ceramides to enhance radiance and reinforce the skin’s moisture barrier. Compared with the more occlusive, thicker creams, it offers a more delicate touch that’s suitable for layering in a routine. Its brightening properties make it appealing for dull skin, but it might not be enough on its own for very dry or severely dehydrated skin in winter. Its focus on gentle nourishment makes it ideal for sensitive skin, though users who prefer richer textures or more occlusion might find it insufficient. This lotion makes sense for those wanting daily hydration with added skin-brightening benefits in a light, fast-absorbing format but may require layering for optimal moisture in harsh climates.
Pros:- Lightweight and fast-absorbing
- Hydrates and nourishes effectively
- Supports skin’s moisture barrier with ceramides
Cons:- May need layering for very dry or harsh conditions
- Specific to rice-based skincare preferences
Best for: Sensitive skin users looking for a daily, brightening moisturizer with barrier support
Not ideal for: People with very dry skin or those seeking heavier, occlusive creams for winter dryness
- Size:5.07 fl.oz.
- Key Ingredients:Niacinamide, Ceramides, Rice Water
- Skin Type:All skin types, Sensitive
- Purpose:Hydration, Nourishment, Skin Barrier Support
Our verdict“This lotion suits those seeking a gentle, brightening moisturizer that layers well under other products.”
e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Moisturizer Mini, Ultra-Hydrating Formula with Aloe, Jojoba Oil & Shea Butter
This mini moisturizer stands out for its lightweight, fast-absorbing texture, making it ideal for layering under makeup without feeling heavy. Enriched with aloe vera, jojoba oil, and shea butter, it delivers immediate soothing and hydration, though its small size means frequent repurchase for daily use. Compared with larger options like the La Roche-Posay Double Repair UV SPF, this is less suited for very dry skin or extended hydration needs, but it’s perfect for on-the-go application or as a primer for oily or combination skin. The vegan, cruelty-free formula appeals to eco-conscious users, but the limited quantity could be a drawback for those needing more intense hydration or a longer-lasting product.
Pros:- Lightweight and fast-absorbing, ideal for layering under makeup
- Infused with soothing aloe vera, jojoba oil, and shea butter for hydration
- Vegan and cruelty-free, suitable for eco-conscious buyers
Cons:- Small size may necessitate frequent repurchase
- Might not provide enough hydration for very dry or mature skin
Best for: Travelers or those seeking a compact, quick-absorbing moisturizer for daily use under makeup
Not ideal for: Individuals with very dry or mature skin requiring richer moisture or larger quantities
- Type:Moisturizer
- Size:Mini
- Key Ingredients:Aloe Vera, Jojoba Oil, Shea Butter
- Vegan:Yes
- Cruelty-Free:Yes
Our verdict“This moisturizer is best for those who need a portable, gentle hydrator to prep skin for makeup without added weight.”
e.l.f. SKIN Holy Hydration! Face Cream with Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide & Peptides
This cream makes the most sense for those who want a luminous finish and deep hydration, especially compared to the mini moisturizer, which offers a lighter touch. Its blend of hyaluronic acid, niacinamide, and peptides helps plump the skin and improve texture, but may fall short for very dry skin needing more intense moisture. It absorbs quickly and leaves a soft, bouncy feel, making it suitable for most skin types including sensitive skin—though actives could irritate some. Compared with the La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair UV SPF, this product lacks sun protection, so it’s better suited as a standalone moisturizer for indoor use or layering under SPF. It’s a versatile choice for daily hydration with a focus on glow, but not for those seeking heavy-duty moisture or sun protection in one step.
Pros:- Provides long-lasting hydration and a luminous finish
- Lightweight, quick-absorbing, and suitable for sensitive skin
- Infused with hyaluronic acid, niacinamide, and peptides to improve skin texture
Cons:- May not sufficiently hydrate very dry skin alone
- Active ingredients might cause irritation for sensitive users
Best for: People seeking a lightweight, luminous moisturizer that enhances skin brightness and elasticity
Not ideal for: Individuals with very dry or mature skin needing richer, more occlusive hydration
- Key Ingredients:Hyaluronic Acid, Niacinamide, Squalane, Vitamin B5
- Skin Types:Normal, Dry, Combo, Oily
- Vegan:Yes
- Cruelty-Free:Yes
Our verdict“This moisturizer is ideal for those who want a brightening, lightweight formula that boosts skin’s plumpness and glow.”
La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair UV SPF Moisturizer for Face
This moisturizer distinguishes itself with its broad-spectrum SPF 30 and up to 48 hours of hydration, making it a strong choice for daytime protection combined with skin barrier restoration. It’s less suited for those preferring tinted or matte finishes, as it maintains a natural, dewy look. Compared with the non-SPF La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair Face, this version offers sun protection, but might be too lightweight for very dry or mature skin that needs richer emollients. Its fragrance-free, sensitive-skin-friendly formula makes it a dependable option for daily wear, though users looking for a more matte or tinted SPF might prefer alternatives. This pick is especially good for those who prioritize consistent hydration and UV protection in one step, but it’s less ideal for dry skin or those needing a more matte finish.
Pros:- Provides up to 48 hours of hydration and barrier repair
- Offers broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection with SPF 30
- Fragrance-free and suitable for sensitive skin
Cons:- Less suitable for dry skin needing richer moisturizers
- Does not offer a matte or tinted finish
Best for: Individuals seeking a reliable, sensitive-skin friendly day moisturizer with SPF protection
Not ideal for: People wanting a tinted or matte-finish sunscreen moisturizer or extra emollience for very dry skin
- SPF:30
- Hydration Duration:48 hours
- Key Ingredients:Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin
- Skin Types:All skin types, including sensitive
- Free From:Fragrance, Parabens, Oil, Alcohol, Non-comedogenic
Our verdict“This moisturizer is perfect for sensitive skin users who need long-lasting hydration combined with daily sun protection.”
La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair Face Moisturizer with Ceramide and Niacinamide
This lightweight, oil-free moisturizer excels at restoring the skin’s natural barrier, making it suitable for those who want to improve skin comfort without added heaviness. Compared to the SPF version, it omits sun protection but offers a more simplified, non-irritating formula that’s perfect for sensitive skin. Its dual-action repair with ceramides and niacinamide supports long-term skin health, but its lack of SPF means it’s not the best choice for daytime outdoor use. It’s a smart pick for those with sensitive or compromised skin who want a quick-absorbing hydrator that maintains a healthy microbiome, though it might be too light for very dry or mature skin needing more occlusive moisture. This moisturizer is best used as a core daily hydrator, especially if sun protection is handled separately.
Pros:- Quickly restores skin’s natural barrier with ceramides and niacinamide
- Provides 48-hour hydration and microbiome support
- Lightweight, fragrance-free, and suitable for sensitive skin
Cons:- May be too light for very dry or mature skin needing more moisture
- Lacks SPF protection for outdoor use
Best for: People with sensitive or compromised skin needing a non-irritating, long-lasting barrier repair moisturizer
Not ideal for: Users seeking an all-in-one daytime moisturizer with SPF or richer, occlusive hydration for very dry skin
- Key Ingredients:Ceramide-3, Niacinamide, Glycerin
- Skin Types:All skin types
- Features:Dual-action repair, long-lasting hydration, microbiome balancing
- Fragrance-Free:Yes
- Oil-Free:Yes
- Non-Comedogenic:Yes
Our verdict“This moisturizer suits sensitive or barrier-compromised skin that benefits from consistent, lightweight hydration without added SPF.”

How We Picked
Our evaluation focused on how well each moisturizer preps skin for makeup, prioritizing hydration, texture, and longevity. We considered usability factors like absorption time, finish (matte, dewy, or natural), and compatibility with various skin types. Build quality and ingredient transparency also played a role, especially for those seeking specific benefits like anti-aging or soothing properties. Products were ranked based on overall performance, value for money, and versatility, ensuring options suit a range of skincare needs and budgets. This approach helps identify products that truly enhance makeup application while supporting skin health.
Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Moisturizers For Makeup
Selecting the right moisturizer for makeup depends on several key factors. Understanding your skin type and specific needs can help you identify formulas that improve your makeup’s appearance and wear. Beyond hydration, consider how the product feels on your skin and whether it complements your makeup routine. The right moisturizer should create a smooth, even base without causing excess shine or dryness, and should work well with your preferred makeup products.Skin Type Compatibility
Choosing a moisturizer that matches your skin type prevents issues like excess oiliness or dryness. Oily skin benefits from lightweight, oil-free, and mattifying formulas, while dry skin should look for rich, emollient options with occlusive ingredients. Sensitive skin types need fragrance-free and gentle formulations to avoid irritation. Matching your moisturizer to your skin type ensures better makeup adherence and a more natural finish.
Hydration Level and Ingredients
Look for key hydrating ingredients like hyaluronic acid, glycerin, or ceramides. These ingredients attract moisture and strengthen your skin barrier, which enhances makeup longevity. Overly heavy moisturizers can cause makeup to slide or appear cakey, so it’s important to find a balance. Consider your climate and season, as your hydration needs may change—lighter formulas work well in humid environments, while richer creams suit colder months.
Finish and Texture
The finish of your moisturizer impacts how makeup applies and looks. Matte finishes help control shine, ideal for oily skin or hot climates, while dewy or natural finishes suit dry or normal skin. The texture should absorb quickly without leaving a greasy residue or a dry film. Testing before buying or sampling in-store can help determine if the feel matches your preferences and makeup needs.
Compatibility with Makeup Products
Some moisturizers act as primers, enhancing makeup adherence and reducing caking. Others may cause pilling or uneven application if incompatible. If you wear foundation or concealer regularly, choose a product that works seamlessly with your preferred formulas. Layering with a primer can boost longevity, but ensure the base moisturizer doesn’t interfere with the makeup’s texture or color.
Additional Benefits and Features
Formulations with added skincare ingredients like SPF, antioxidants, or anti-aging compounds can provide extra protection and benefits. However, these features can sometimes increase product cost or complexity. Decide if you want a simple moisturizer or a multi-tasking product that combines hydration with other skin benefits. Always check ingredient lists for potential allergens or irritants, especially if you have sensitive skin.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a regular moisturizer under makeup?
Yes, in most cases, a regular moisturizer can serve as a good base for makeup. However, the key is selecting a formula suited for your skin type and that absorbs quickly enough to avoid makeup slipping or pilling. If your regular moisturizer is too thick or oily, it might interfere with the application or longevity of your makeup. For best results, opt for a lightweight, hydrating product that leaves a smooth, matte or dewy finish depending on your preference.
Should I choose a moisturizer with SPF for makeup?
Including SPF in your moisturizer can simplify your routine, offering sun protection alongside hydration. However, the SPF level in most moisturizers is often lower than dedicated sunscreens, so if you’re exposed to intense sunlight, layering with a dedicated SPF product is advisable. Also, some SPF ingredients can cause flashback or uneven finish in photos, so testing is recommended if you’re concerned about appearance in pictures. Overall, an SPF-infused moisturizer works well for daily, low-exposure scenarios.
Is it better to use a richer moisturizer if I want my makeup to last longer?
Not necessarily. While richer, more emollient formulas can provide a smooth base and reduce dry patches, they may also leave a greasy film that causes makeup to slide or clog pores. For longer-lasting makeup, a lightweight, hydrating moisturizer with occlusive ingredients like ceramides can help lock in moisture without heaviness. Combining a good primer with your moisturizer often yields better longevity than simply increasing moisturizer richness.
How do I choose a moisturizer if I have sensitive skin?
Look for fragrance-free, hypoallergenic formulations with soothing ingredients like aloe, chamomile, or oat extract. Avoid products with alcohol, harsh preservatives, or potential irritants, which can trigger reactions or redness. Patch testing new products before full application is wise, especially in sensitive areas. A gentle, non-comedogenic moisturizer can provide hydration and prepare skin for makeup without causing irritation.
Can I use a moisturizer with anti-aging ingredients under makeup?
Yes, but with some caution. Anti-aging ingredients like retinoids or acids can make your skin more sensitive to makeup application and environmental factors. If you choose a moisturizer with such ingredients, apply it well in advance of makeup to allow full absorption and minimize irritation. For daily use, opt for formulas with gentle anti-aging components like peptides or niacinamide, which support skin health without increasing sensitivity.
Conclusion
For most users, the Clinique Moisture Surge 100H offers a reliable combination of hydration and long-lasting wear, making it the best overall choice. Those on a budget will appreciate the The Ordinary Natural Moisturizing Factors + Hyaluronic Acid for effective hydration at a lower price point. If you seek a more premium experience with added skincare benefits, consider the La Roche-Posay Toleriane Double Repair UV SPF. Beginners or those with sensitive skin should focus on gentle, fragrance-free formulas like the Embryolisse Lait-Crème. For specific needs like oily skin or anti-aging, select options that cater to those concerns while providing a smooth base for makeup application.








